해양작전 지원을 위한 우주작전 교전규칙 설정 방향

김형곤^*

해군 소령/해군대학 지휘참모과정 학생장교

Directions for Establishing Rules of Engagement for Space Operations in Support of Maritime Operations

Hyeong Gon Kim^*

LCDR, ROK Navy/Student officer, Naval Commander & Staff Course, ROK Naval War College

Correspondence to: *Hyeong Gon Kim 271, Jaun-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea E-mail: jandane@naver.com

초록

우주공간은 위성통신, PNT, ISR, 미사일 경보, 해양영역인식(MDA)을 통해 해양작전을 지원하는 주요 작전 기반이 되고 있다. 해군은 광역·분산·원거리 작전 특성상 우주기반 작전지원체계 의존도가 높으며, 적의 재밍, 스푸핑, 사이버공격, 지향성에너지 위협, 위성 근접접근 등은 해상작전의 지휘통제와 작전지속능력을 제한할 수 있다. 현행 국제규범은 우주공간의 자유로운 이용과 유해간섭 방지 원칙을 제시하지만, 군사적 회색지대 행위에 대한 구체적 작전판단 기준은 충분하지 않다. 따라서 한국군은 합동 차원의 우주작전 교전규칙을 발전시켜야 하며, 해군은 MDA와 우주기반 작전지원체계 보호 관점에서 작전요구를 구체적으로 제시해야 한다.

Abstract

Space has become a critical operational enabler for naval operations through satellite communications, PNT, ISR, missile warnings, and maritime domain awareness (MDA). Due to the widespread, dispersed, and long-range nature of naval operations, the Navy is increasingly dependent on space-based operational support systems. Jamming, spoofing, cyberattacks, laser dazzling, and rendezvous and proximity operations may degrade maritime command and control and operational continuity. Existing international norms provide principles such as freedom of use and prevention of harmful interference, but detailed operational criteria for gray-zone military activities in space are lacking. Therefore, the Republic of Korea Armed Forces should develop joint rules of engagement for space operations, while the Navy should specify operational requirements from the perspective of MDA and the protection of space-based operational support systems.

Keywords:

Space Operations, Rules of Engagement, Maritime Domain Awareness, Gray-Zone Threats, Space Security

키워드:

우주작전, 교전규칙, 해양영역인식, 회색지대 위협, 우주안보

References

Sohyun Shin, ‘Space Security and International Law,’ Korean Journal of International Law, VOL. 66, NO. 1, 2021, pp. 157-182. [https://doi.org/10.46406/kjil.2021.03.66.1.157]
Si Jin Oh, ‘International Law Implications for Space Security: Focusing on the Limitations of the Application of Basic Principles of International Humanitarian Law,’ Kookmin Law Review, VOL. 37, NO. 1, 2024, pp. 195-261.
Woo Song Jeong, ‘A Study on Need to Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and Force Development Plan of ROK Navy,’ Journal of the KNST, VOL. 8, NO. 2, 2025, pp. 247-254. [https://doi.org/10.31818/JKNST.2025.6.8.2.247]
Nohyoung Park, ‘International Legal Considerations for Cybersecurity in Outer Space,’ Korean Journal of International Law, VOL. 68, NO. 4, 2023, pp. 23-52. [https://doi.org/10.46406/kjil.2023.12.68.4.023]
Center for Strategic and International Studies, Space Threat Assessment 2025, CSIS, 2025.
United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, Arts. 2(4) and 51, 1945.
United Nations, Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Arts. 1, 3, 4, and 9, 1967.
International Telecommunication Union, Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union, Art. 45, 1992.
International Telecommunication Union, Radio Regulations, Art. 15, Latest Edition.
Yung-Jin Jung, ‘A Review of Use of Outer Space for Military Purposes from an International Law Perspective,’ The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy, VOL. 30, NO. 1, 2015, pp. 303-325.
Sang-Hyuk Lee, ‘Authority for Issuing the ROE of the ROK Armed Forces: Focused on the Scope of the ROE Issuing Authority of the UNC and the CFC,’ The Quarterly Journal of Defense Policy Studies, VOL. 33, NO. 4, 2018, pp. 73-104.
Hanbyeol Sohn & Joon-Hyeong Ahn, ‘A Legal Policy-Based Review of Interoperability of Rules of Engagement in Multinational Military Operations,’ The Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University, VOL. 30, NO. 2, 2023, pp. 89-122. [https://doi.org/10.18189/isicu.2023.30.2.89]
YungJin Jung & Taehwan Cho, ‘Advancing the Republic of Korea Navy’s Maritime Domain Awareness Through Participation in the U.S. JCO Cell,’ Journal of the KNST, VOL. 8, NO. 2, 2025, pp. 241-246. [https://doi.org/10.31818/JKNST.2025.6.8.2.241]